Perceived Stress Is Directly Associated with Major Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Public University Students.

Stress is a condition that has been related to the development of risk behaviors for health such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the link between SSBs consumption and perceived stress level in university students. This was an observational, cross-sectional and single-time-point study where the subjects were recruited as a non-probabilistic sample of first-year university students. The students reported their SSBs consumption through a validated questionnaire, as well as their perceived stress level, evaluated through the Cohen scale. Comparisons were made between the means of all variables. Factorial analysis of variance was conducted to explore the effect of the variables' interaction on the stress level. One-way analysis of variance was performed to assess differences between the sexes. Men consumed more SSBs (6101.17 ± 3772.50 mL/week) compared to women (4294.06 ± 3093.8 mL/week). However, women had higher scores of perceived stress and showed a strong association of stress with the SSBs consumption pattern (r and p-value). This study shows for the first time the association that exists between stress and SSBs consumption and indicates that it is related to sex in the young population.

Isothiocyanate-Rich Extracts from Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Var. Botrytis) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) Inhibited Metabolic Activity and Induced ROS in Selected Human HCT116 and HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and radish contain isothiocyanates exhibiting chemoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. This research aimed to assess the impact of cauliflower (CIE) and radish (RIE) isothiocyanate extracts on the metabolic activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LDH production of selected human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116 and HT-29 for early and late colon cancer development, respectively). Non-cancerous colon cells (CCD-33Co) were used as a cytotoxicity control. The CIE samples displayed the highest allyl isothiocyanate (AITC: 12.55 µg/g) contents, whereas RIE was the most abundant in benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC: 15.35 µg/g). Both extracts effectively inhibited HCT116 and HT-29 metabolic activity, but the CIE impact was higher than that of RIE on HCT116 (IC50: 0.56 mg/mL). Assays using the half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of all treatments, including AITC and BITC, displayed increased (p < 0.05) LDH (absorbance: 0.25-0.40 nm) and ROS release (1190-1697 relative fluorescence units) in both cell lines. BITC showed the highest in silico binding affinity with all the tested colorectal cancer molecular markers (NF-kB, ß-catenin, and NRF2-NFE2). The theoretical evaluation of AITC and BITC bioavailability showed high values for both compounds. The results indicate that CIE and RIE extracts display chemopreventive effects in vitro, but additional experiments are needed to validate their effects.

Cardiac abnormalities in Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive patients in the State of Querétaro, México / Alteraciones cardiacas en una población seropositiva a Trypanosoma cruzi en Querétaro, México

Abstract: Background: Chagas disease is an endemic illness in the Americas and therefore constitutes a public health problem. An estimated 8 million people are infected and over 20 million live in areas at risk. In Mexico, the problem is under reported and no epidemiological data by the different States indicating true prevalence for this infection is available. During the chronic phase, 30% of infected patients may develop chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM), characterized by different types of alterations of cardiac function. Objective: To describe cardiac abnormalities in Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive subjects in the endemic areas. Material and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with non-random sampling. In our project the endemic area was considered for Trypanosoma cruzi using the Epi Info statistical program (Stat Calc) to calculate the number of subjects to study by means of a sample of 1 033 subjects aged 2-90 years. Prior informed consent or parental consent, implementation of a survey, a 5 mL of blood sample free from anticoagulant was taken from the cubital vein to detect anti-Trypanosoma cruzi by ELISA, recombinant ELISA, hemagglutination indirect (HAI), indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) and Western blot (using the enzyme superoxide dismutase iron as antigen). Those subjects who were positive in two or more tests were chosen for electrocardiogram (EKG) and an echocardiogram (ECO) with portable devices. Results: Of the 1 033 participants, 84 between 6 and 88 years tested positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. In the analysis of data with echocardiograms and electrocardiograms, 47 subjects over 26 years (56%), presented right bundle branch block or left bundle block (RBBB/LBBB), changes in the diameters of the right ventricle or left ejection fraction accounting of 70%. In subjects under 26 years there were electrocardiographic changes (RBBB/LBBB). Conclusion: 8.13% were seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi with ventricular conduction system and morphological alterations.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La enfermedad de Chagas es una patología endémica en las Américas, donde representa un problema de salud pública. Se estima que aproximadamente 8 millones de personas están infectadas y 20 millones viven en áreas de riesgo de infectarse. En México el problema está subestimado y se carece de datos epidemiológicos por estado del país que indiquen una prevalencia real de este padecimiento. Durante la fase crónica, el 30% de los pacientes infectados pueden desarrollar miocardiopatía chagásica (MCC), que se caracteriza por presentar diferentes alteraciones de la función cardiaca. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones cardiacas en sujetos seropositivos para Trypanosoma cruzi de áreas endémicas. Material y métodos: Es un estudio con diseño transversal descriptivo, con muestra no probabilística. En nuestro proyecto, se consideró una zona endémica a Trypanosoma cruzi, mediante el programa estadístico Epi Info (Stat Calc), para estimar el número de sujetos a estudiar, obteniéndose una muestra de 1 033 sujetos de edades entre 2 a 90 años. Previo consentimiento informado, y aplicación de una encuesta, se puncionó la vena cubital, obteniéndose una muestra sanguínea de 5 mL, sin anticoagulante, para buscar anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi mediante, ELISA, ELISA recombinante, hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI), inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y Western-Blot (usando la enzima superóxido dismutasa de hierro como antígeno). Los sujetos reactivos a dos o más pruebas fueron seleccionados para la realización de un electrocardiograma (EKG) y un ecocardiograma (ECO) con equipos portátiles Resultados: De los 1 033 participantes, 84 entre 6 a 88 años resultaron positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi. En el análisis de los hallazgos ecocardiográficos y electrocardiográficos en los 47 sujetos mayores de 26 años (56%) presentaron bloqueo de rama derecha o izquierda del haz de His (BRDHH/BRIHH). Conclusión: El 8.13% fueron seropositivos para Trypanosoma cruzi con cambios morfológicos ventriculares y del sistema de conducción del haz de His.

Factores relacionados con las diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento al cáncer de mama en pacientes de recién diagnótico / Factors related with different strategies to cope breast cancer in recent diagnosis patients

Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con las diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento al cáncer de mama en pacientes con reciente diagnóstico. Método: Estudio descriptivo trasversal, de correlación en pacientes con cáncer de mama de la clínica de mama del Hospital General Regional 1 y Unidad Médica de Atención Ambulatoria, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Querétaro, México, en el 2011. Se estudiaron 98 pacientes con el diagnóstico referido, entre seis y doce meses de evolución, de cualquier edad. Se estudiaron variables socio-demográficas, tipo de familia, tratamiento recibido, la capacidad y estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas, medidas con el instrumento "Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento" modificado y adaptado al castellano por Cano et al. en el año 2007, replicado en México en el 2010 por Nava et al. Se respetaron las consideraciones éticas. Se analizó con estadística descriptiva, Rho de Spearman, Pearson y con la X2. Resultados: El sentimiento que con mayor frecuencia se presentó al recibir el diagnóstico fue el temor (28,6%), la estrategia de afrontamiento más usada fue la resolución de problemas. Los factores que se vieron estrechamente relacionados con el afrontamiento fueron la edad, la escolaridad, el tipo de familia y tratamiento utilizado. Conclusiones: El tipo de familia, de tratamiento recibido la edad y la escolaridad se encuentran estrechamente relacionados con el estilo de estrategias de afrontamiento que presentan las pacientes con cáncer de mama

Objetive: To identify factors relating to the strategies for coping with breast cancer recently diagnosed patients. Methods: cross-sectional design, descriptive study of correlation among patients with breast cancer at the Clinica de Mama of the Hospital General Regional N°1 (HGR N°1) and Unidad Medica de Atencion Ambulatoria (UMAA), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Queretaro, Mexico in 2011. 98 patients of all ages with this diagnosis were studied with a background of diagnosis of between six to twelve months. Sociodemographic variables were studied (age, schooling, occupation, marital status), type of family, type of treatment received, and capability for coping strategies by them with "Inventory of strategies of coping",modified and adapted in Spain by Cano et al. (2007) and reproduced in Mexico by Nava et al.(2010). In all procedures were applied with ethical considerations. An analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, Spearman's Rho, Pearson's r and X2. Results: The predominant emotion upon hearing the diagnosis was fear (28,6%), the most coping strategy was problem solving. The related factors with the ability to cope were age, schooling, type of treatment received. Conclusions: Type of family, treatment received, age and schooling are strongly related tocoping strategies among patients with recent diagnosed breast cancer

Comparación del perfil de funcionamiento familiar en los adolescentes con y sin drogadicción de un colegio de bachilleres / Comparison of family functioning profile in adolescents with and without drug-dependency in a high school

ObjetivosComparar el perfil de funcionamiento familiar en adolescentes con y sin drogadicción.DiseñoEstudio transversal comparativo.EmplazamientoColegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Querétaro, México.ParticipantesSesenta y tres adolescentes con y sin drogadicción de 13–19 años de edad, de ambos sexos, inscritos en el Colegio de Bachilleres; se formaron 2 grupos, uno sin drogadicción (seleccionado de manera probabilística sistemática) al que se lo comparó con un grupo de adolescentes con drogadicción (base de datos).Mediciones principalesPerfil del funcionamiento familiar (alfa de Cronbach de 91). Análisis estadístico, descriptivo e inferencial.ResultadosLos adolescentes con drogadicción (n=20) tenían una media de edad de 17,5±0,4 años (16–19) y el grupo sin drogadicción (n=43), de 16,9±0,1 años (15–18) (p=0,000). El 100% de los adolescentes habitaba en zona urbana, con tipología familiar de predominio nuclear simple, moderna y obrera. El 50% de los adolescentes con drogadicción provenía de familias desintegradas (p=0,002). La fase de dispersión fue un factor protector para no presentar drogadicción (razón de momios [OR]=0,6; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 1,8–21,0; p=0,003). Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la autoridad (OR de 29,7; IC del 95%: 5,8–150,5), la supervisión (OR de 10,3; IC del 95%: 2,8–37,2), el apoyo (OR de 0,04; IC del 95%: 5,5–109,8) y la disfuncionalidad familiar global (OR de 1,8; IC del 95%: 1,3–2,3; p=0,000).ConclusiónLa disfuncionalidad familiar es un factor de riesgo para la drogadicción en adolescentes cuando es deficiente la autoridad y la supervisión en la familia, mientras que el apoyo familiar y la fase de dispersión son factores de protección(AU)

ObjectiveTo compare the family functioning profile (FFP) in adolescents addicted to drugs and those not addicted to drugs.DesignCross-sectional study comparative.SettingA high school in Querétaro State, Mexico.ParticipantsStudy of 63 adolescents with and without addiction, of both sexes between the ages of 13 and 19, enrolled in high school; two groups formed, one not addicted to drugs (systematic probabilistic sampling was carried out); and compared with drug addicts (database).Main measurementsFFP(Alpha Cronbach 91). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.ResultsAdolescents with drug addiction (n=20), average age 17.5±0.4 (range 16–19), and group of non-addicts (n=43), average age 16.9±0.1 (range 15–18) and P=0.000. All the adolescents lived in an urban area with a predominantly simple nuclear modern, working family type. Half (50%) of addicted adolescents came from broken families P=0.002. The dispersion phase was a protective factor in preventing drug addiction in adolescents (P=0.003 OR 0.6 95% Cl;1.8–21.0). Significant statistical differences were observed in authority (OR=29.7, 95% Cl; 5.8–150.5), supervision (OR 10.3, 95% Cl; 2.8–37.2) and support (OR 0.04, 95% Cl; 5.5–109.8). The overall family dysfunctionality, (P=0.000, OR 1.8, 95% Cl; 1.3–2.3).ConclusionDysfunctional families are a risk factor for drug addiction in adolescents, when there is insufficient authority and supervision within the family. On the other hand, family support, as well as the dispersion phase, are protective factors(AU)

[Comparison of family functioning profile in adolescents with and without drug-dependency in a high school]. / Comparación del perfil de funcionamiento familiar en los adolescentes con y sin drogadicción de un colegio de bachilleres.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the family functioning profile (FFP) in adolescents addicted to drugs and those not addicted to drugs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study comparative. SETTING: A high school in Querétaro State, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Study of 63 adolescents with and without addiction, of both sexes between the ages of 13 and 19, enrolled in high school; two groups formed, one not addicted to drugs (systematic probabilistic sampling was carried out); and compared with drug addicts (database). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: FFP(Alpha Cronbach 91). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. RESULTS: Adolescents with drug addiction (n=20), average age 17.5±0.4 (range 16-19), and group of non-addicts (n=43), average age 16.9±0.1 (range 15-18) and P=0.000. All the adolescents lived in an urban area with a predominantly simple nuclear modern, working family type. Half (50%) of addicted adolescents came from broken families P=0.002. The dispersion phase was a protective factor in preventing drug addiction in adolescents (P=0.003 OR 0.6 95% Cl;1.8-21.0). Significant statistical differences were observed in authority (OR=29.7, 95% Cl; 5.8-150.5), supervision (OR 10.3, 95% Cl; 2.8-37.2) and support (OR 0.04, 95% Cl; 5.5-109.8). The overall family dysfunctionality, (P=0.000, OR 1.8, 95% Cl; 1.3-2.3). CONCLUSION: Dysfunctional families are a risk factor for drug addiction in adolescents, when there is insufficient authority and supervision within the family. On the other hand, family support, as well as the dispersion phase, are protective factors.

Caracterización de células serotoninérgicas en el tejido cardiaco fetal / Characterization of serotonergic cells in fetal heart tissue

Objetivo: Caracterizar morfológica y bioquímicamente células productoras de serotonina durante el desarrollo del tejido cardiaco. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ratas gestantes de la cepa Wistar. A los días 10, 12, 16 y 20 de gestación se obtuvieron los fetos por cesárea, a los cuales se les disecaron los corazones, que se fijaron para los ensayos de inmunohistoquímica para triptófano- 5-hidroxilasa (Tph), además se efectuó Western Blot para la enzima; se determinó la concentración de serotonina y la actividad de Tph por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante U de Mann-Whitney, aceptando un nivel de significación de p < 0.05. Resultados: En los cortes de corazón fetal, desde el día 10 de gestación se observaron células inmunorreactivas para Tph, con metacromasia en su interior. Fibras nerviosas inmunorreactivas para la misma enzima que hacen contacto probablemente con las células serotoninérgicas. La actividad enzimática y la concentración de la serotonina aumentaron con la edad gestacional, además, se encontró la proteína enzimática por Western- Blot en el corazón fetal de 16 días de gestación. Conclusiones: Se demostró la presencia de células productoras de serotonina en el miocardio fetal, cuyo fenotipo corresponde a mastocitos cardiacos, lo cual sugiere que la serotonina puede ser importante en el desarrollo del tejido cardiaco y que también participa en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de los defectos cardiacos estructurales o en la predisposición a enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to present biochemical and morphological characterization of serotonergic cells during fetal heart development. METHODS: Wistar rats (10, 12, 16 and 20 days of gestation) were used. After obtaining the fetuses by Cesarean section, the hearts were removed and fixed for immunohistochemical assay of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (Tph), in addition to Western blot for enzyme. Serotonin concentration and Tph were also evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography. Results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: Metachromatic cells immunoreactive for Tph were observed from day 10 of gestation. Nerve fibers were also labeled, apparently making contact with serotonergic cells. Tph activity was measurable and serotonin levels increased with gestational age. The presence of Tph protein was confirmed by Western blot on day 16. CONCLUSIONS: The present results support the existence of cells located in the fetal myocardium, capable of producing serotonin whose phenotype belongs to cardiac mast cells. Their presence in this tissue strongly suggests that serotonin may play a key role in normal and abnormal development of cardiac tissue.

Characterization of serotonergic cells in fetal heart tissue.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to present biochemical and morphological characterization of serotonergic cells during fetal heart development. METHODS: Wistar rats (10, 12, 16 and 20 days of gestation) were used. After obtaining the fetuses by Cesarean section, the hearts were removed and fixed for immunohistochemical assay of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (Tph), in addition to Western blot for enzyme. Serotonin concentration and Tph were also evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography. Results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: Metachromatic cells immunoreactive for Tph were observed from day 10 of gestation. Nerve fibers were also labeled, apparently making contact with serotonergic cells. Tph activity was measurable and serotonin levels increased with gestational age. The presence of Tph protein was confirmed by Western blot on day 16. CONCLUSIONS: The present results support the existence of cells located in the fetal myocardium, capable of producing serotonin whose phenotype belongs to cardiac mast cells. Their presence in this tissue strongly suggests that serotonin may play a key role in normal and abnormal development of cardiac tissue.

[Risk factors for cognitive and functional impairment in the elderly]. / Factores riesgo para deterioro cognitivo y funcional en el adulto mayor.

OBJECTIVE: To establish association between cognitive and functional impairment with economic, social and demographic factors, chronic disease and multidrug therapy in the aged patient. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2002 with 422 individuals 60 years old and older. A questionnaire for exploring social and economic conditions was applied. Folsteins' mini-mental exam and Katz, Lawton and Bronfman instruments were also applied. A bivariate analysis was performed to select variables for logistic regression (p = 0.20 in a chi(2)). Adjusted odds ratios were used to estimate association. RESULTS: There were 422 individuals interviewed, 178 were male and 244 female, with a mean age of 68 years. The factors associated with cognitive impairment were stroke, female gender, and social and economic level. For daily activities diabetes mellitus 2 and for daily instrumental activities the associations were female gender, visual impairment and multi-drug therapy, all with p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Some factors can prevent the presence of cognitive and functional impairment in the elderly.

Funcionalidad familiar en adolescentes de una escuela de bachilleres de Querétaro, México / Family function of adolescents at a senior secondary school at Querétaro, México

No disponible

No disponible

Percepción del adulto mayor acerca del proceso de muerte / Perception by senior adults of dying process

Introducción: La muerte es un misterio inexplorado lleno de incógnitas, temores y angustias, es un proceso inherente a la vida, va de la mano en cada instante. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción del adulto mayor acerca del proceso de muerte. Metodología: Estudio transversal en adultos mayores de 60 años, en dos Unidades de Medicina Familiar. Se entrevistaron 121 adultos mayores seleccionados por cuota de los grupos de actividades recreativas. La percepción se midió a través de ocho Ítems (4 positivos y 4 negativos), posteriormente se reclasificó en positiva, indiferente y negativa. El plan de análisis incluyó frecuencias simples y regresión logística. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino 61 %, el promedio de edad fue de 67.97±5.61,32.2% correspondiente al grupo etéreo de 60 a 64 años, 50.4% casados y 57% con primaria completa. Los sentimientos que frecuentemente se presentaron de manera independiente fueron de paz y tristeza con 27.3%. El 43.8% de la población estudiada se concentró en la percepción negativa. El modelo que mejor se ajustó para explicar la percepción incluyó, vivir solo, no platicar con nadie en relación a la muerte, no estar preparado para el momento de morir y morir en el hospital (p<0.5). Conclusión: La percepción sobre la muerte puede modificarse en la medida que se tenga consciencia que su ocurrencia está totalmente garantizada, de manera paradójica, natural, única e individual. "Nadie más la puede vivir por nosotros".

Introduction: Death is an unexplored mystery full of incognita, fears, and anguish; it is an inherent process which goes along to life at every single moment. Objective: To identify the perception of the dying process by elderly. Methodology: Transversal study on elderly older than 60 years in two Family Medicine Facilities. 121 elderly selected proportionally from the groups of recreational activities were interviewed. The perception was measured through 8 items (4 positive and 4 negative). Afterward, they were reclassified as positive, indifferent, and negative. The analysis plan included simple frequencies and logistic regression. Results: Female gender was predominant 61 %; the average age was 67.97±5.61; 32.2% from the range 60 to 64 years old; 50.4% married and 57% with elementary school. Feelings showed frequently, on independently way were peace and sadness with 27.3%. The 43.8% of studied population was focused on the negative perception. The model that best fit to explain the perception included living by oneself, not talking with anybody regarding death, not being prepared for the decease moment, and dying in the hospital (p<0.5). Conclusions: The perception regarding death may be modified as long as everyone makes oneself conscious regarding the fact that the occurrence will be completely guaranteed, paradoxically, in a natural, unique, and individual way. "Nobody else might live our life instead ourselves".

[Effectiveness of a strategy in type 2 diabetic patient education in relation to metabolic control, nutrition and blood pressure]. / Control metabólico, estado nutricional y presión arterial de diabéticos tipo 2. Eficacia de una estrategia educativa.

BACKGROUND: diet is a main strategy treatment in the diabetic patient. It allows effective use of energy sources in the tissues, and to support apropiate glucose, protein and lipid serum levels. OBJECTIVE: to determine the effectiveness of a participative educational program on metabolic control of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2 (less than 12 months). METHODS: cuasiexperimental design with newly diagnosed diabetic patients of both sexes and previously informed consent. Biochemical and anthropometric markers were analyzed at basal measure and then monthly for 6 months: lipids profile, glycemia, glycosilated hemoglobin, body mass index, and tricipital fold and hip circumference and blood pressure. Educational sessions were with a participative strategy. The diet was calculated according with their physical activitiy and patient's requirements. A subsequent adjustments were done to due according biochemical measures. RESULTS: of 16 patients, 81.2 % were female. The average age was 52 +/- 1 3 years. There were statistical significance values in glucose (28.7 %), glycosilated hemoglobin (35.4 %), cholesterol (12.6 %), high density lipoproteins (11.3 %), systolic (6.1 %) and diastolic (16.8 %) blood pressure, body mass index (6.7 %) and weight (6.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: it was demonstrated that a participative educational program is effective in the control of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patient when diet is individualized according to requirements.

[Self-esteem, family function, and school achievement of adolescents]. / Autoestima, funcionalidad familiar y rendimiento escolar en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between academic achievement, self-esteem and family function in adolescents. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. SETTING: State secondary school in Querétaro state, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four adolescents of both sexes between the ages of 10 and 17, enrolled in a state secondary school. Two groups of 37 pupils were formed, chosen by simple randomized sampling according to high or low academic achievement. Participants were clinically healthy and prior informed consent for their participation was obtained. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Self-esteem based on self-concept format A, family function based on FACES III and academic achievement based on the school evaluation scale. A descriptive statistical analysis and the chi2 test were used (P < .05). RESULTS: Pupils with high academic achievement had high self-esteem, 68% (P = .00007; OR, 7.55; 95% CI, 2.39-24.84); a functional family, 54% (P = .011); were mainly female, 73% (P = .018); age, 13 (60%) (P = .062); school in the morning, 95% (P = .000); and were in second grade, 46% (P = .026). Pupils with low academic achievement had low self-esteem, 78% (P = .00007; OR, 7.55; 95% CI, 2.39-24.84); came from borderline-function families, 43% (P = .47); were male, 54% (P = .018; OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.08-9.48); age 13, 38% (P = .062); in afternoon school, 76% (P = .00); and were in first grade, 43% (P = .144). Upon establishing a relationship between academic achievement and family dynamics, it was found that family dysfunction is a risk factor (OR, 6.67; 95% CI, 1.42-34). CONCLUSIONS: Low self-esteem and family dysfunction are risk factors for low academic achievement.

Autoestima, funcionalidad familiar y rendimiento escolar en adolescentes / Self-esteem, family function, and school achievement of adolescents

Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre rendimiento escolar (RE), autoestima y funcionalidad familiar (FF) en adolescentes. Diseño. Estudio transversal, descriptivo. Emplazamiento. Escuela secundaria oficial del estado de Querétaro, México. Participantes. Se incluyó a 74 adolescentes de 10-17 años de edad de ambos sexos, inscritos en escuela secundaria oficial, clínicamente sanos. Se formaron 2 grupos de 37 sujetos, de acuerdo con su alto o bajo rendimiento escolar, seleccionados de forma aleatoria. Mediciones principales. Autoestima con el instrumento de autoconcepto forma A, funcionalidad familiar con el FACES III y rendimiento escolar con la escala de evaluación escolar. Resultados. Los escolares con alto rendimiento escolar tenían autoestima alta en el 68% de los casos (p = 0,00007; odds ratio [OR] = 7,55; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 2,39-24,84); funcionalidad familiar en el 54% (p = 0,011), con predominio del sexo femenino en el 73% (p = 0,018); edad de 13 años en el 60% (p = 0,062); del turno matutino en el 95%, (p = 0,000), y cursaba el segundo grado escolar el 46% (p = 0,026). Los escolares con bajo rendimiento escolar presentaron una autoestima baja en el 78% de los casos (p = 0,00007; OR = 7,55; IC del 95%, 2,39-24,84), funcionalidad familiar limítrofe en el 43% (p = 0,47), sexo masculino en el 54% (p = 0,018; OR = 3,18; IC del 95%, 1,08-9,48); edad de 13 años en el 38% (p = 0,062); del turno vespertino en el 76% (p = 0,00), y cursaba el primer grado escolar el 43% (p = 0,144). Al relacionar el rendimiento escolar con la dinámica familiar se encontró que la disfuncionalidad familiar era un factor de riesgo (OR = 6,67; IC del 95%, 1,42-34). Conclusiones. La autoestima baja y la disfuncionalidad familiar son factores de riesgo para un rendimiento escolar bajo

Objective. To determine the relationship between academic achievement, self-esteem and family function in adolescents. Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting. State secondary school in Querétaro state, Mexico. Participants. Seventy-four adolescents of both sexes between the ages of 10 and 17, enrolled in a state secondary school. Two groups of 37 pupils were formed, chosen by simple randomized sampling according to high or low academic achievement. Participants were clinically healthy and prior informed consent for their participation was obtained. Main measurements. Self-esteem based on self-concept format A, family function based on FACES III and academic achievement based on the school evaluation scale. A descriptive statistical analysis and the X2 test were used (P<.05). Results. Pupils with high academic achievement had high self-esteem, 68% (P=.00007; OR, 7.55; 95% CI, 2.39-24.84); a functional family, 54% (P=.011); were mainly female, 73% (P=.018); age, 13 (60%) (P=.062); school in the morning, 95% (P=.000); and were in second grade, 46% (P=.026). Pupils with low academic achievement had low self-esteem, 78% (P=.00007; OR, 7.55; 95% CI, 2.39-24.84); came from borderline-function families, 43% (P=.47); were male, 54% (P=.018; OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.08-9.48); age 13, 38% (P=.062); in afternoon school, 76% (P=.00); and were in first grade, 43% (P=.144). Upon establishing a relationship between academic achievement and family dynamics, it was found that family dysfunction is a risk factor (OR, 6.67; 95% CI, 1.42-34). Conclusions. Low self-esteem and family dysfunction are risk factors for low academic achievement

Enteropatía por sensibilidad al gluten: enfermedad celíaca / Gluten sensitive enteropathy: celiac disease

Se informan 14 pacientes con diagnóstico de enteropatía por sensibilidad al gluten (ESG) estudiados en el curso de 10 años. La mediana de la edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 38 meses. Se realizó prueba de absorción de d-xilosa (cuantificación en suero a los 60 minutos) con valores por debajo de 15 mg/dL al momento del diagnóstico (normal 28.0 ñ 7.5 mg/dL), los que se normalizaron durante la recuperación (p < 0.01) y volvieron a ser subnormales posterior a la re-exposición al gluten en 8/8 casos (p < 0.01). La biopsia yeyunal peroral mostró atrofia grado IV en 11 y grado III en tres, con inversión de la relación villosidad-cripta. En la lámina propia se observó infiltrado inflamatório difuso de tipo linfoplasmocitario y en el epitelio fue de tipo cuboidal en la meyoria; hubo linfocitos intraepiteliales por arriba del promedio normal. Todos los pacientes tuvieron una evolución clínica satisfactoria con la dieta libre de gluten, ignorándose la evolución de uno de ellos por abandono de la consulta externa. Hubo correlación de los hallazgos clínicos histopatológicos y con la prueba de la d-xilosa en todos los casos; esta última alternativa de diagnóstico cuando no sea posible la obtención de la biopsia yeyunal en pacientes con sospecha de ESG